nature – flowering bean organic gardens

Our gardens take on even more meaning when we consider that they can be humming with diversity. Even the small potted plant on a deck can be home to someone else, busy trying to stay alive in this human-altered world. So who else might be there, and can their survival also help us grow food and beauty in our environment?

Pūngāwerewere (spiders) have not received so much attention in Aotearoa New Zealand. So, in this post, I dive just a little deeper into their world and how we can support their ongoing survival with Dr Phil Sirvid, curator of invertebrates at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

What exactly are spiders?

Spiders are in a class of animals called arachnids. They have two body segments called the cephalothorax and abdomen. Adult arachnids have four pairs of legs but lack both wings and antennae. Other examples of arachnids include scorpions, mites and ticks.

There is much to know about spiders; some dance, some have better eyesight than us, a few are vegetarian, most are solitary, but some do work together to create huge webs, and some even disguise themselves as ants.¹

While not all spiders create webs, they all use silk in some way and will leave a drag line of silk behind them as they move around. Egg sacs can also be made of silk and used in reproduction.

Some spiders use electric fields to get around!

One incredible thing I learnt from Phil was that some species use silk strands to disperse in a process called ballooning. Phil says, they will climb clear of the ground and use either the breeze or the Earth’s atmospheric electrical fields to lift and move. One theory is that spiders use little hairs on their body to detect this electric field, a bit like how human hair lifts through static electricity on clothing.²

Spiders unique to Aotearoa

Across the world, over 53,000 species of spiders have been identified so far. These are broken down into 138 families, including jumping spiders (Salticidae), orb weavers (Araneidae) and tunnelwebs (Porrhothelidae). Of those, more than 1,100 named species have been discovered in Aotearoa. Phil expects this number will continue to grow.

Phil explains that around 95% of our spider species are endemic – only found in Aotearoa – and the other 5% includes those that have arrived from elsewhere in the world, e.g. Daddy Long Legs. This 5% also includes species that are native to both New Zealand and Australia. Phil says this makes our endemic species pretty special and we still have so much to learn about these spiders.

Gardening with spiders in mind

Phil suggests that in our gardens, the more diverse the habitat the more spiders you will have. A range of plants will encourage a range of insects and in turn a range of spiders.

When designing a garden, consider leaving some areas wild so spiders can live undisturbed. In a small urban space, this can be a pot with some weedy bits or around the back of a garage.

There are spiders who will live happily in human-built structures, such as sheet web spiders who will look for a place to hang and build their web. A wood pile might become a home for tunnel web spiders, and flowering trees might be home to flower spiders.

Pesticides will, of course, affect spider populations. Even if they don’t directly kill a spider, you will likely be killing their prey and making things more difficult for their survival. Sullivan et al, point out that in international research, “many studies have shown the positive effects that spider abundance and diversity have on economically important food protection systems, and many studies have demonstrated that enhancing adjacent habitat can conserve the biological control provided by spiders in these productive ecosystems”. ³ So rather than spray, enhancing habitat is the way to go.

I was saddened recently to see the range of specific spider control products after a recent visit to a large department store, so I suggest we need to start to talk about how incredible they are.

But spiders are scary!

Phil reminds me that spiders are actually shy, and to them we are scary! There are some venomous spiders in New Zealand. However, we are unlikely to encounter them but if bitten, always seek advice. If you come across a spider insider, consider that spider might well be a visiting native spider who has lost their way, perhaps while looking for a mate and maybe we can just leave them be. And Phil’s advice in New Zealand if we need to relocate the spider safely to a more appropriate location? He suggests we pop a jar over it, slide a piece of cardboard underneath and move it gently, and remember, “even if you are not enjoying being close to a spider, you are the one with all the power”.

There is so much to know about spiders and I have only just touched the surface of the topic. I am now totally hooked on these precious animals. I intend to show them a lot of respect when I find them.

M. Miller and M. Jemison (2014). Eight strange but true spider facts. https://www.si.edu/stories/eight-strange-true-spider-facts ↩︎
Wishart. S. (2018). How spiders use electricity to fly. https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/electric-flight/ ↩︎
Sullivan, N.J. Stringer, L.D., Black. A. & Vink, C. (2025). Harnessing spider biodiversity for sustainable horticulture: A call for research and conservation in Aotearoa New Zealand. https://newzealandecology.o rg/nzje/3600 ↩︎

An abundance of bees is one of the most exciting things for a gardener. However, while we talk about and admire the introduced honeybee, we often neglect to notice or perhaps have no knowledge of, our native bees. The obsession with the honeybee perhaps feeds our lack of knowledge. However, as we develop our gardens and farms, we’re in a great position to support the unassuming ngaro huruhuru – native bees.

Looking to extend my limited understanding of these native bees, I was lucky enough to have a chat to, Dr Ngaire Hart. An engineer, environmental scientist and ngaro huruhuru expert, Ngaire was happy to share her knowledge.

When Ngaire first started studying ngaro huruhuru in the early 2000s, there was very little published on our bees, and even today there is still not a huge body of work in the area. After trialing different ways to track bees, Ngaire designed her PhD to measure bee populations by capturing data on the number of active nests of ground-nesting bees.

Species of ngaro huruhuru

Aotearoa NZ has only two main families of ngaro huruhuru; Colletidae and Halictidae. Both families are described as primitive (have not changed markedly over time). There are currently 28 recognised species of native bees; 27 are endemic species (occur only in NZ) and one species is also found in Australia.

Ngaire says that ngaro huruhuru may be mistaken as small flies, and often go unnoticed because of their size and colour. They can be anywhere from 4-12 mm long and are mostly black in colour. They are not aggressive and while they do have the ability to sting, she says it is doubtful you would feel it.

Ngaro huruhuru fall into two broad categories; the ground-nesting species Leioproctus and Lasioglossum, and the wood-nesting species Hylaeus, who construct their nests in hollow plant materials.

Ground nesting bees

You may recognise the Leioproctus females from their nest building activities as they will dig a tunnel in a bank or ground to lay an egg and then collect pollen from around the area for the larvae to feed on when they hatch.

Their nests will appear as tiny holes and Ngaire says, that while they will nest in any ground, they particularly like patches of bare soil and are sometimes found in sandpits, playgrounds, golf courses, roadside verges and people’s lawns.

The ground-nesting Lasiogolssum, are commonly called a sweat bee because they like to land on you and suck the sweat off your skin. Ngaire says that these are very tiny bees. They are 4-8 mm long.

Wood-nesting bees

Masked bee foraging on a flax flower. She is hairless but has unique markings on her face.

Hylaeus, are commonly called masked bees because they have a marking on their face. They are hairless and don’t look like a bee. To the untrained eye, they may look more like a wasp. They nest in plant material, such as the dead kōrari (flower stem of the flax).

Observing bees

To find ngaro huruhuru, Ngaire says it’s about learning where they might be and going out and looking for them in your own backyard. Quite often they are there, but we just don’t notice them.

Look for them foraging on plants during summer. Go out and find harakeke, kānuka and mānuka – pause, stand still for a while and watch – if they are there, you will see them foraging. They are much smaller and tend to stay on a flower longer and sometimes you can see the females with pollen on their legs. Male colletids may be spotted as mating swards around scrubby areas and gorse and Ngaire suggests you look for movement.

Threats to ngaro huruhuru

Habitat loss, pollutants and competition with non-native species are all threats to these animals. We need to be aware of things like roadside verges being sprayed when ngaro huruhuru are emerging – gardeners have been known to mistake them for wasps when they mass and mistakenly kill them.

The population of bees in the sites Ngaire has been studying is not increasing and, in some places, it is declining. It is possibly the same elsewhere, with changing landscapes and habitat fragmentation.

Supporting bees to thrive

To support ngaro huruhuru in our gardens, it is important to try not to disturb their habitat. For example, some bees nest in old wooden cavities such as old logs or kōrari so Ngaire suggests leaving the kōrari on your flax to age and when you do remove them, put them somewhere for the bees to nest in.

It is also an idea to plan your garden with more than just aesthetics in mind – plant more bee-friendly plants and natives and keep things organic and insect-friendly – using weedkillers in your garden might be killing a lot more than your weeds.

Become a ngaro huruhuru advocate

Ngaro huruhuru also need us to advocate for them – learn and speak up about these unassuming creatures because, as Ngaire says, it is hard to care about something you do not know about. Another option is to support and get involved in community science. Ngaire is supportive of community science taking the lead to understand what is happening to our bee populations.

So, it seems like a good time to focus on our small unassuming ngaro huruhuru, learn more about them and provide habitats and plantings for them in our gardens.

For lots of great posters and resources visit Kaitiaki Creations

Ngaro hurururu photos courtesy of Dr Ngaire Hart

Tag: nature

Pūngāwerewere: Lending a Hand (or eight) in the Garden

Ngaro huruhuru